QC.523 

07.^7 
1920 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  THE 
SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

Gordon  Floyd  Ferris 


California 

'gional 

cility 


BIO-AGRICULTURAL  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
RIVERSIDE,  CALIFORNIA  92502 


STANFORD    UNIVERSITY    PUBLICATIONS 

UNIVERSITY   SERIES 

BIOLOGICAL     SCIENCES 

VOLUME  I  NUMBER  1 


Scale  Insects  of  the  Santa  Cruz 
Peninsula 


BY 


GORDON  FLOYD  FERRIS 
Instructor  in  Entomology 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY,  CALIFORNIA 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 

1920 


STANFORD    UNIVERSITY    PUBLICATIONS 

UNIVERSITY     SERIES 

BIOLOGICAL     SCIENCES 

VOLUME  I  NUMBER  1 


Scale  Insects  of  the  Santa  Cruz 
Peninsula 


BY 

GORDON  FLOYD  FERRIS 

Instructor  in  Entomology 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

GRADUATE  SCHOOL  OF  TROPICAL  AGRICULTURE 

Ai^D  CITRUS  EXPERIMENT  STATION 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY,  CALIFORNIA 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 

1920 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY 
PRESS 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION    5 

SYNONYMICAL  LIST  OF  SPECIES 6 

DISCUSSION  OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES ..  12 


Fig.  1. — Sketch  Map  of  California;  the  black  area  is  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 


INTRODUCTION 

It  is  probable  that  the  scale-insect  fauna  of  no  area  of  comparable 
extent,  unless  it  be  that  of  the  region  surrounding  the  Mesilla  Valley  in 
New  Mexico,  is  better  known  than  is  that  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula 
in  California.  Nor  is  it  probable  that  there  are  many  areas  of  similar 
extent  in  which  this  group  of  insects  is  represented  by  a  larger  or  more 
diversified  list  of  species.  Small  as  this  peninsula  is,  more  species  are 
now  known  to  occur  out  of  doors  within  it  than  have  been  recorded  in  any 
of  the  various  state  lists  that  have  been  published  (deducting  synonyms), 
and  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  all  these  lists  there  are  included 
numerous  species  known  only  from  their  occurrence  in  greenhouses. 

This  richness  of  the  Coccid  fauna  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula  is  due 
in  part  to  the  fact  that  many  introduced  species  which  are  found  only  in 
greenhouses  throughout  much  of  the  United  States  are  here  able  to 
thrive  out  of  doors.  Nevertheless,  of  the  ninety-two  species  recorded  in 
this  paper  sixty  are  presumably  native.  The  extent  of  our  knowledge  of 
these  species  is  due  to  the  efforts  of  a  long  series  of  students  who  for 
twenty  years  or  more  have  been  adding  to  it.  A  total  of  forty-six  species, 
of  which  seven  are  now  regarded  as  synonyms,  have  their  type  locality 
within  this  area. 

The  accompanying  sketch  map  (Fig.  1)  will  give  some  idea  of  the 
size  of  this  peninsula  as  compared  with  the  entire  state  of  California. 
For  the  purposes  of  this  paper  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula  is  regarded 
as  bounded  on  the  south  by  a  line  drawn  from  Santa  Cruz  to  San  Jose 
and  thence  to  the  southern  extremity  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 

The  presentation  of  a  local  list  is  but  a  small  part  of  the  real  purpose 
of  this  paper.  In  the  case  of  many  of  the  included  species  the  existing 
descriptions  are  in  need  of  amplification,  and  in  the  case  of  many  more 
the  available  figures  (if,  indeed,  there  be  any)  are  inadequate.  The  op- 
portunity has  therefore  been  taken  especially  to  present  figures  of  nu- 
merous species.  There  is  also  included  a  considerable  amount  of  infor- 
mation having  to  do  with  locality  and  host  records  and  synonymy,  to- 
gether with  discussions  of  certain  matters  of  more  general  interest. 

There  are  recorded  in  this  list  only  species  occurring  out  of  doors. 
Were  greenhouse  species  likewise  to  be  considered,  the  list  might  be 
extended  almost  indefinitely. 

The  types  of  all  new  species  herein  described  are  in  the  Stanford 
University  collection  of  Coccidas. 


SYNONYMICAL  LIST  OF  SPECIES 

Note. — Names  in  italics  are  synonyms.  Only  those  names  are  included  that 
have  been  used  in  referring  to  these  species  as  they  occur  in  California  and  the 
synonymy  has  not  been  carried  back  of  the  Fernald  Catalogue.  Species  of  which 
the  type  locality  is  on  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula  are  indicated  by  an  asterisk. 

Genus  ICERYA  Sign, 
purchasi  Maskell. 

Genus  XYLOCOCCUS  Loew. 
*quercus  Ehrh. 

Genus  STOMACOCCUS  Ferris. 
*platani  Ferris. 

Genus  ORTHEZIA  Bosc. 

*californica  Ehrh. 

occidentalis  Douglas, 
occidentalis  Douglas. 

*californica  Ehrh. 

Genus  ASTEROLECANIUM  Targ. 
variolosum   (Ratz.) 

Genus  MYCETOCOCCUS  Ferris. 
*ehrhorni  (Ckll.). 

*Cerococcus  ehrhorni  Ckll. 

Genus  CEROCOCCUS  ComstT 
*ehrhorni  Ckll. 

*Mycetococcus  ehrhorni   (Ckll.). 

Genus  EHRHORNIA  Ferris, 
cupressi   (Ehrh.). 

Sphaerococcus  cupressi  Ehrh. 
graminis  Ferris 

Genus  SPfLffiROCOCCUS  Maskell. 
cupressi  Ehrh. 

Ehrhornia  cupressi  (Ehrh.). 
*disticlium  Kuwana. 

*Paludicoccus  disticlium    (Kuwana). 

Genus  PALUDICOCCUS  Ferris, 
*disticlium  (Kuwana). 

*  Sphaerococcus  disticlium  Kuwana. 


SYNONYM ICAL   LIST  OF    SPECIES 

Genus  ERIOCOCCUS  Targ. 

*adenostomae  Ehrh. 
araucariae  Maskell. 
*artemisiae  Kuwana. 

Erium  lichtensioides  (Ckll.). 
*bahiae  Ehrh. 
catalinae  Ehrh. 

Erium  lichtensioides  (Ckll.). 
paenulatus  n.  sp. 
quercus  (Comst.). 
salinus  Ehrh. 

Cryptoripersia  arizonensis    (Ehrh.). 
*stanfordianus  n.  sp. 
*villosus  n.  sp. 

Genus  GOSSYPARIA  Sign. 

spuria   (Modeer). 

Genus  KERMES  Boit. 
*cockerelli  Ehrh. 
essigii  King. 

nigropunctatus  Ehrh. 
nigropunctatus  Ehrh. 

essigii  King. 
*mirabilis  King. 

*rattani  Ehrh. 
*rattani  Ehrh. 

*mirabilis  King. 

Genus  PHENACOCCUS  Ckll. 

*artemisiae  Ehrh. 
*bahiae  Ehrh. 

Puto  yuccae  (Coq.). 
*colemani  Ehrh. 
*eriogoni  Ferris. 
*solani  Ferris. 
*stachyos  Ehrh. 

Genus  CEROPUTO  Sulc. 

With  all  included  species  a  synonym  of  Puto. 

Genus  PUTO  Sign. 
*ambigua   ( Full. ) . 

*Ceroputo  ambigua  Full, 
cupressi  (Coleman). 

Pseudococcus  cupressi  Coleman. 

*Pseudococcus  sequoias  Coleman  (as  to  male), 
yuccae   (Coq.). 

*Phenacoccus  bahiae  Ehrh. 

*Ceropi<to  bahiae   (Ehrh.). 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


Genus  PSEUDOCOCCUS  Westwood. 


andersoni  Coleman. 

ryani   (Coq.). 
artemisiae  Essig. 

Erium  lichtensioides  (£kll.). 
aurilanatus   (Maskell). 
bakeri  Essig. 

*maritimus  Ehrh. 
citrophilus  Clausen. 

gahani  Green, 
crawii   (Coq.). 

*quercus  Ehrh.  (in  part). 
*eriogoni  Ehrh. 

*Erium  eriogoni  (Ehrh.). 

Pseudococcus  yerba-santae  Essig. 
gahani  Green 

citrophilus  Clausen. 
*longisetosus  Ferris. 
*maritimus  Ehrh. 

bakeri  Essig. 

obscurus  Essig. 
obscurus  Essig. 

*maritimus   Ehrh. 
*quercicolus  Ferris. 

*quercus   (Ehrh.)    (in  part). 
*quercus  Ehrh.  (in  part). 

*quercicolus  Ferris. 
*quercus  Ehrh.    (in  part). 

crawii  (Coq.). 
ryani    (Coq.). 

andersoni  (Coleman). 
sequoiae  (Coleman)   (as  to  female). 
scquoiae  (Coleman)    (as  to  male). 

Puto  cupressi  (Coleman)- 
salinus  Ckll. 
smithii   (Essig.)    (in  part). 

Trionymus  californicus  Ehrh. 
*timberlakei  Ckll. 
yerba-santae  Essig. 

eriogoni    (Ehrh.). 


Genus  ERIUM  Ckll. 


*eriogoni  (Ehrh.). 

Pseudococcus  eriogoni    (Ehrh.). 
lichtensioides   (Ckll.) 

*Eriococcus  artemisiae  Kuwana. 

Eriococcus  catalinae  Ehrh. 

Pseudococcus  artemisiae  Essig. 


SYNONYMICAL   LIST  OF    SPECIES 

Genus  TRIONYMUS  Berg. 

"brorni  Ferris, 
californicus  Ehrh. 

Ripersia  smithii  Essig    (in  part). 

Pseudococcus  smithii    (Essig)    (in  part). 
*distichlii  Ferris. 
*festucae  (Kuwana). 

*Ripersia  festucae  Kuwana. 
smithii   (Essig)    (in  part). 

Ripersia  smithii  Essig   (in  part). 

Pseudococcus  smithii  (Essig)    (in  part). 
villosa  .(Ehrh.). 

Ripersia  villosa  Ehrh. 

Genus  RIPERSIA  Sign. 

*festucae  Kuwana. 

Trionymus  festucae   (Kuwana). 
smithii   Essig    (in  part). 

Trionymus  smithii   (Essig). 
smithii  Essig   (in  part). 

Trionymus  californicus  Ehrh. 
villosa  Ehrh. 

Trionymus  villosus   (Ehrh.). 

Genus  RIPERSIELLA  Towns. 

*kelloggi  Ehrh. 

Genus  CRYPTORIPERSIA  Ckll. 

arizonensis  (Ehrh.). 

Eriococcus  salinus  Ehrh. 
Cryptoripcrsia  salinus  (Ehrh.) 

Genus  ACLERDA  Sign. 
*californica    (Ehrh.). 
tokionis  (Ckll.). 

Genus  PULVINARIA  Targ. 
*ehrhorni  King. 
*rhois  Ehrh. 
vitis  (Linn.). 

Genus  COCCUS  Linn, 
chricola  Campbell, 
hesperidum  Linn. 

Genus  TOUMEYELLA  Ckll. 
*pinicola  n.  sp. 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

Genus  LECANIUM  111. 

*adenostomae  Kuwana. 

corni  (Bouche). 
cerasorum  Ckll. 
corni  (Bouche). 

*adenostomae  Kuwana. 

*crawii  Ehrh. 
*crawii  Ehrh. 

corni  (Bouche) 
*excrescens  n.  sp. 
*magnoliarum  Ckll. 

persicae  Fab. 
.   persicae  Fab. 

*magnoliarum  Ckll. 
pruinosum  Coq. 
*pubescens  Ehrh. 

Genus  SAISSETIA  Dep. 
nigra  (Nietn.). 
oleae  (Bern.). 

Genus  PHYSOKERMES  Targ.' 
*insignicola    (Craw). 
*taxifoliae  Coleman. 

Genus  CHIONASPIS  Sign, 
quercus  Comst. 
pinifoliae    (Fitch), 
spartinae  Comst. 

Genus  DIASPIS  Costa, 
carueli  Targ. 
manzanitae    (Whitney), 
echinocacti   (Bouche). 
piricola  (Del  Guer.). 

Epidiaspis  piricola  (Del  Guer.). 

Genus  AULACASPIS  Ckll. 
rosae  (Bouche). 

Genus  EPIDIASPIS  Ckll. 

Regarded  as  a  synonym  of  Diaspis. 
piricola   (Del  Guer.). 

Diaspis  piricola   (Del  Guer.). 

Genus  LEUCASPIS  Targ. 
*kelloggi  Coleman. 

*Dinaspis  kelloggi    (Coleman). 

Genus  DINASPIS  Leon. 
*kelloggi   (Coleman). 

*Leucaspis  kelloggi  Coleman. 


SYNONYMICAL   LIST  OF   SPECIES  11 

Genus  LEPIDOSAPHES  Shimer. 


newsteadi   (Sulc). 
ulmi  (Linn.)- 


Genus  ASPIDIOTUS  Bouche. 

arctostaphyli  Ckll.  and  Rob. 

*aesculi  Johns. 

abietis  Comst.  (misidentification). 

pini  Comst. 
californicus  Coleman. 

pini  Comst. 
coniferarum  Ckll. 
coniferarum  var.  shastae  Coleman. 

shastae  Coleman. 
densiflorae  Bremner. 

ehrhorni  Coleman.  ' 

hederae  (Vail.) 
osborni  Ckll. 

yulupae  Bremner. 
perniciosus  Comst. 
pini  Comst. 

abietis  Comst.  (misidentification). 

californicus  Coleman. 
rapax  Comst. 
shastae  Coleman. 

coniferarum  var.  shastae  Coleman. 
yulupae  Bremner. 

osborni  Ckll. 

Genus  CHRYSOMPHALUS  Ashmead. 
rossi   (Maskell). 

Genus  TARGIONIA  Sign, 
dearnessi  Ckll. 

Genus  ODONASPIS  Leon. 
*graminis  Bremner. 


DISCUSSION  OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 

Genus  ICERYA  Sign. 
Icerya  purchasi  Maskell. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  this  species  was  originally  introduced  into 
the  United  States  at  a  point  in  this  area.  At  the  present  time  it  occurs 
rather  commonly  here,  being  somewhat  of  a  pest  on  the  pears  in  the 
Santa  Clara  Valley  and  occasionally  killing  ornamentals.  It  has  estab- 
lished itself  on  certain  wild  plants,  especially  favoring  mistletoe,  but  also 
occurring  on  sage  brush  (Artemisia  calif  ornica)  and  chamiso  (Adenos- 
toma  fasciculatum). 

Genus  XYLOCOCCUS  Loew. 
Xylococcus  quercus  Ehrh. 

1917.    Xylococcus  quercus  Ehrh.;  Florence,  Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Am.,  10:155-8;  figs. 
1919.    Xylococcus  quercus  Ehrh.;  Ferris,  Can.  Ent.,  51:110. 

Originally  described  from  Quercus  chrysolepis,  Stevens  Creek  Can- 
yon, near  Mountain  View,  in  this  area.  I  have  taken  what  is  probably  the 
same  species  from  Quercus  calif ornicus  in  the  hills  above  Searsville  Lake. 
The  species  appears  to  be  rather  rare  and  very  local  in  occurrence. 

As  I  have  elsewhere  pointed  out  (ref.  cited)  it  is  somewhat  doubtful 
that  this  species  is  distinct  from  X.  betulce  Perg.  I  have  specimens  of  all 
the  critical  stages  of  both  species  and  find  that  the  two  differ  only  in 
the  number  of  median,  ventral  pores  in  the  first  larval  stage,  betultz 
having  five  or  six  of  these  pores  and  quercus  two.  However,  in  specimens 
from  Quercus  caiifornicus  there  are  as  many  as  nine  of  these  pores. 
Either  the  specimens  from  the  two  species  of  oaks  should  be  regarded  as 
separate  species  or  both  should  be  referred  to  betulce.  I  am  inclined  to 
favor  the  latter  view,  but  the  examination  of  more  material  is  desirable. 

Genus  STOMACOCCUS  Ferris. 

1917.    Ferris,  Can.  Ent.,  49:375. 

This  genus  was  originally  based  chiefly  upon  the  presence  of  mouth- 
parts  in  the  adult  female,  but  this  character  is  not  sufficient  to  distin- 
guish it,  as  other  genera  of  this  group  are  now  known  to  possess  mouth- 
parts  in  the  adult  female.  I  append  the  following  recharacterization  of 
the  genus. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  13 

Monophleboid  Coccidas  in  which  the  legs  are  lacking  in  the  interme- 
diate stages  of  the  female;  immature  stages  without  an  anal  tube;  adult 
female  with  mouthparts,  with  digitules  on  the  claw  and  without  knobbed 
hairs  at  the  tip  of  the  tibia,  without  reticulations  on  the  legs  and  antennae, 
with  7-segmented  antennas;  all  stages  (except  perhaps  the  first)  with  six 
pairs  of  abdominal  spiracles ;  adult  male  wingless,  without  compound 
eyes. 

Notes :  It  is  possible  that  this  genus  should  be  merged  with  Steingelia,  but 
the  male  of  S.  britannica  (Green)  is  winged.  Until  the  intermediate  stages  of 
Steingelia  have  been  described  it  may  be  well  to  maintain  the  two  genera  as 
distinct. 

Stomacoccus  platani  Ferris. 

Originally  described  from  this  area  where  it  is  abundant  on  the 
native  sycamore,  Platanus  racemosa.  It  has  also  been  taken  from  P.  occi- 
dentalis,  an  introduced  species  within  this  area. 

Genus  ORTHEZIA  Bosc. 
Orthezia  occidentalis  Douglas. 

Orthesia  calif  arnica  Ehrh.  appears  to  be  the  same  as  O.  occidentalis. 
I  have  received  a  specimen  of  the  latter  from  Professor  Cockerell  and 
am  unable  to  detect  any  differences. 

This  species  is  rather  common,  occurring  on  the  crowns  and  roots  of 
various  plants,  especially  Eriophyllum  confertiflorum.  I  have  once  taken 
it  from  cells  in  the  hard,  dry  soil  clinging  to  the  roots  of  a  species  of 
Dudleya  on  the  cliffs  near  New  Years  Point. 

Genus  ASTEROLECANIUM  Targ. 
Asterolecanium  variolosum  (Ratz.). 
Common  on  Quercus  agrifolia,  Q.  lobata,  and  Q.  douglasii. 

Genus  MYCETOCOCCUS  Ferris. 

Mycetococcus  ehrhorni  (Ckll.). 
1918.    Mycetococcus  ehrhorni  (Ckll.);  Ferris,  Can.  Ent.,  50:330,  fig.  15A. 

This  species  (formerly  referred  to  Cerococcus)  was  originally  de- 
scribed from  this  .area.  It  occurs  only  on  oaks  and  probably  infests  all 
the  local  species  (including  the  tan  oak,  Pasania  densi flora).  It  especially 
favors  the  live  oak,  Q.  agrifolia,  the  limbs  of  which  are  frequently  gray 
with  the  fungus  which  is  invariably  associated  with  the  insect. 


14  SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

Genus  EHRHORNIA  Ferris. 
Ehrhornia  cupressi  (Ehrh.). 
1918.    Ehrhornia  cupressi   (Ehrh.)  ;   Ferris,  Can.  Ent.,  51 :326. 

A  serious  pest  on  Cupressus  macrocarpa  and  C.  guadelupensis,  which 
are  extensively  grown  as  ornamentals  throughout  this  region.  It  also 
occurs  on  Libocedrus  decurrens  on  the  campus  of  Stanford  University. 

Ehrhornia  graminis  Ferris. 

1918.    Ehrhornia  graminis  Ferris,  Can.  Ent.,   51 : 326,  fig.  12. 

Within  this  area  this  species  has  been  taken  only  from  the  root- 
stocks  of  an  undetermined  perennial  grass  growing  in  the  brush  on  the 
hills  above  Scott  Creek,  Santa  Cruz  County. 

Genus  PALUDICOCCUS  Ferris. 
Paludicoccus  distidium  (Kuwana). 
1918.    Paludicoccus  distidium  (Kuwana)  ;  Ferris,  Can.  Ent.,  50:327,  fig.  13. 

Known  only  from  a  grass,  Distichlis  spicata,  in  the  salt  marshes 
about  San  Francisco  Bay. 

Genus  ERIOCOCCUS  Targ. 

The  present  author  has  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  specimens 
of  nearly  all  the  species  of  this  genus  that  have  been  recorded  from  North 
America.  In  the  course  of  this  study  it  has  become  apparent  that  most 
of  the  existing  descriptions  of  species  are  quite  inadequate,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  too  much  attention  has  been  paid  to  characters  of  but  little  im- 
portance, while  those  of  genuine  value  have  been  quite  consistently 
ignored. 

The  character  of  the  sac  is  in  a  few  cases  of  some  value,  but  in 
general  has  little  significance,  there  being  practically  no  difference  be- 
tween the  sacs  of  widely  differing  species.  In  only  a  few  extreme  cases 
is  it  important.  The  character  of  the  legs  likewise  is  of  but  little  use, 
except  in  some  extreme  cases.  The  antennae  are  undoubtedly  worthy  of 
some  consideration,  although  the  antennal  formulas  that  have  been  so 
extensively  used  are  probably  of  no  special  value.  The  most  distinctive 
characters  are  to  be  found  in  the  form,  number,  and  distribution  of  the 
spines  with  which  the  body  is  generally  more  or  less  thickly  beset.  In 
a  few  cases  it  appears  that  the  form  of  the  wax  ducts  may  be  of  some 
slight  use. 

Even  with  the  aid  of  these  characters  it  is  often  difficult  to  decide  as 
to  the  proper  disposition  of  specimens.  The  amount  of  material  at  present 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


15 


available  is  not  large,  but  it  is  sufficient  to  indicate  that  there  is  either  an 
extraordinary  amount  of  variation  or  that  an  indefinite  number  of  species 
separated  by  infinitesimally  small  characters  must  be  recognized.  The 
examination  of  a  large  mass  of  material  is  needed  before  very  definite 
conclusions  may  safely  be  formed. 

Eriococcus  adenostomae  Ehrh. 

Fig.  2. 

Originally  described  from  this  area  where  it  is  quite  common  on 
Adenostoma  fasciculatum.  It  has  been  recorded  from  this  host  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  also. 

Adult  female  with  spines  present  both  on  dorsum  and  margins  of 
the  body.  Spines  rather  few,  of  varying  sizes,  those  of  the  margins  not 


Fig.  2. — Eriococcus  adenostoma  Ehrh.:  A,  antenna  of  adult  female;  B,  anal  lobes, 
dorsal  aspect  left,  ventral  aspect  right ;  C,  types  of  spines ;  D,  wax  duct.  From 
specimen  from  topotype  material. 

or  but.  little  larger  than  those  of  the  dorsum,  all  small  but  relatively 
stout  and  for  the  most  part  slightly  curved,  tapering  regularly  to  the 
blunt  apex  (Fig.  2C).  On  each  abdominal  segment  there  is  a  group  of 
three  or  four  spines  at  each  lateral  margin,  a  median  group  and  a  sub- 
median  group  of  two  or  three  spines  on  each  side.  Anal  lobes  (Fig.  25) 
but  little,  or  not  at  all,  chitinized,  each  with  three  spines  on  the  dorsum, 
which  are  smaller  than  the  largest  body  spines,  and  with  two  slender 
setae  on  the  ventral  side.  Ducts  (Fig.  2D)  with  a  deep  and  rather  narrow 
cup  at  the  inner  extremity.  Antennae  (Fig.  2A)  noticeably  short  and 
stout,  normally  7-segmented.  Legs  likewise  rather  short  and  stout,  the 
claw  with  a  distinct  tooth  beneath.  Posterior  coxae  bearing  numerous 
rather  large  pores. 


10 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


Eriococcus  araucariae  Maskell. 

Fig.  3. 

1915.    Eriococcus  araucariae  Maskell;  Essig,  "Injurious  and  Beneficial  Insects  of 
California,"  ed.  2,  p.  120,  fig.  102. 

This  is  an  introduced  species  found  only  on  Araucaria,  It  probably 
is  generally  distributed  within  this  area  wherever  its  host  is  grown,  but 
I  have  seen  specimens  only  from  Menlo  Park. 

Essig  (ref.  cited)  has  given  an  excellent  photograph  of  the  sac,  and 
I  append  herewith  a  description  of  the  morphological  characters  of  the 
species. 


Fig.  3. — Eriococcus  araucaria  (Maskell)  :  A,  antenna  of  adult  female;  B,  anal  lobes, 
dorsal  aspect  left,  ventral  aspect  right ;  C,  types  of  spines,  the  smallest  repre- 
senting those  of  the  dorsum ;  D,  wax  duct.  From  specimen  from  Santa  Cruz 
Peninsula. 

Adult  female  with  the  marginal  spines  greatly  exceeding  in  size  those 
of  the  dorsum  (Fig.  3C),  the  latter  being  quite  numerous  but  very  small, 
cylindrical  and  truncate  at  the  tip,  the  former  being  straight,  slightly  ex- 
panded at  the  base  a~nd  then  tapering  evenly  to  the  tip,  which  is  bluntly 
rounded  or  even  truncate.  The  marginal  spines  are  arranged  in  a  definite 
single  row,  each  abdominal  segment  bearing  three  spines  at  each  lateral 
margin,  one  of  these  spines  being  considerably  smaller  than  the  other 
two.  Anal  lobes  (Fig.  35)  heavily  chitinized,  rather  cylindrical  in  form, 
each  bearing  upon  the  dorsum  three  spines  of  about  the  size  of  the  smaller 
marginal  spines  and  upon  the  ventral  side  a  pair  of  slender  setse.  Anal 
lobe  setse  somewhat  longer  than  the  anal  ring  setae.  Antennas  (Fig.  3A~) 


DISCUSSION   OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


17 


normally  7-segmented,  rather  long  and  slender.  Legs  likewise  rather 
slender,  the  claw  without  a  tooth,  and  the  posterior  coxae  without  pores. 
Ducts  (Fig.  3D)  with  a  rather  broad  and  deep 'cup. 

Notes:  Of  the  species  known  to  me  this  most  closely  resembles  E.  coccineus 
Ckll.,  which  is  found  on  cactus,  bui  the  latter  differs  in  having  the  marginal  spines 
more  numerous  and  in  having  a  few  large  spines  on  the  dorsum  of  the  cephalo- 
thorax. 

Eriococcus  bahiae  Ehrh. 

Fig.  4 

Originally  described  from  the  roots  of  Eriophyllum  (=Bahia)  con- 
fertiflorum,  from  this  area.  It  occurs  quite  commonly  on  this  host,  and 


Fig.  4. — Eriococcus  bahia  Ehrh.:  A,  dorsal  aspect  of  adult  female;  B,  anal  lobes, 
dorsal  aspect  left,  ventral  aspect  right;  C,  antenna  of  adult  female;  D,  types 
of  spines ;  E,  wax  duct.  From  specimen  from  type  material. 


18  SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

I  have  specimens  from  Castilleia  sp.  near  Woodside,  grass  near  Stanford 
University  and  Quercus  agrifolia  near  Mountain  View  that  I  assign  to 
this  species. 

Adult  female  (Fig.  4A)  with  the  spines  of  the  margins  much  larger 
than  those  of  the  dorsum,  the  latter  usually  quite  small.  Marginal  spines 
(Fig.  4D)  (in  specimens  from  the  type  material)  very  stout,  conical  and 
rather  bluntly  pointed,  of  various  sizes,  each  abdominal  segment  normally 
with  one  or  two  large  spines  and  two  or  three  smaller  spines  at  each 
lateral  margin.  Dorsal  spines  (Fig.  4£>)  resembling  those  of  the  mar- 
gins in  form  or  at  times  slightly  curved,  rather  few  in  number,  those  of 
the  abdomen  tending  to  be  arranged  in  four  longitudinal  rows,  those  of 
the  cephalothorax  more  numerous,  scattered,  in  size  merging  at  the  mar- 
gins with  the  marginal  spines.  Anal  lobes  (Fig.  4B)  chitinized  only  along 
the  mesal  margin,  each  with  three  slender  ventral  setae  and  three  dorsal 
spines  of  which  two  are  longer  and  more  slender  than  the  marginal  spines. 
Anal  lobe  setae  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the  anal  ring  setae.  Anten- 
nae (Fig.  4C)  moderately  slender,  normally  7-segmented.  Legs  likewise 
moderately  slender,  the  claw  with  a  distinct  tooth,  the  posterior  coxae 
with  a  few  pores.  Ducts  (Fig.  4£)  with  a  rather  deep  and  slightly 
asymmetrical  cup. 

Notes :  The  above  description  and  the  accompanying  figures  are  based  upon 
specimens  from  the  .type  material,  but  the  species  presents  a  very  considerable 
range  of  variation.  Even  in  specimens  from  the  type  host  and  the  immediate 
type  locality  the  marginal  spines  are  noticeably  longer  and  more  slender  than  those 
here  figured. 

I  have  at  hand  a  considerable  amount  of  material  from  localities  without 
this  area  which  represents  either  extreme  variations  of  E.  baJuae  or  several  very 
closely  related  species.  In  this  material  are  specimens  of  E.  costaricensis  Ckll., 
which  differ  only  in  having  the  spines  of  the  anal  lobes  slightly  smaller  than  the 
marginal  spines  and  in  having  the  anal  lobes  mere  heavily  chitinized;  specimens 
from  Eriogonum  sp.  in  Owens  Valley,  California,  which  differ  in  having  the  mar- 
ginal spines  stouter  than  in  E.  bahiae;  specimens  from  Gutierresia  sp.  near  Mesilla 
Valley,  New  Mexico,  which  differ  only  in  having  the  marginal  spines  slightly 
curved,  and  specimens  from  the  material  recorded  by  Cockerell  as  E.  palmeri  var. 
a  which  differ  in  having  the  marginal  spines  larger  and  slightly  differently  shaped. 
Only  the  examination  of  a  large  amount  of  material  from  many  hosts  and  localities 
will  permit  any  definte  conclusions  as  to  the  proper  disposition  of  these  forms. 

Eriococcus  paenulatus  n.  sp. 
Fig.  5. 

Type  host  and  locality.  From  Artemisia  californica,  near  Stanford 
University,  California. 

Habit.  Occurring  on  the  smaller  stems  of  the  host.  Sac  white, 
smooth  except  for  a  few  projecting  threads  of  wax ;  length  2.5-3  mm. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  19 

Morphological  characteristics.  Spines  rather  few  but  present  over 
the  entire  surface  of  the  dorsum,  not  arranged  in  definite  rows.  The 
spines  are  of  various  sizes,  but  the  largest  of  the  marginal  spines  are 
scarcely  or  not  at  all  larger  than  those  of  the  dorsum.  In  form  (Fig.  5) 
they  vary  from  moderately  to  very  stout  and  are  for  the  most  part 
straight  or  very  slightly  curved,  slightly  expanded  at  the  base  and  then 


Fig.  5. — Eriotoccus  pcenulatus  n.  sp. ;  types  of  spines. 

tapering  in  a  smooth  curve  to  the  bluntly  rounded  apex.  Anal  lobes 
weakly  chitinized,  each  with  two  slender  setae  on  the  ventral  side  and 
three  spines  on  the  dorsal  side,  these  somewhat  more  slender  but  about 
the  same  length  as  the  largest  of  the  body  spines.  Antennas  7-segmented. 
Legs  with  the  tarsus  slightly  longer  than  the  tibia,  the  claw  with  a  tooth, 
the  posterior  coxae  without  pores.  Tubular  ducts  with  the  cup  quite  deep, 
nearly  symmetrical.  Anal  ring  with  eight  setae,  the  longest  of  which  are 
about  half  as  long  as  the  anal  lobe  setae. 

Notes:  I  have  found  this  species  in  but  a  single  restricted  locality  and  there 
in  but  small  numbers.  It  somewhat  resembles  E.  villosus  n.  sp.,  the  description 
of  which  follows,  but  the  spines  are  consistently  stouter,  larger  and  more  bluntly 
tipped  and  the  posterior  coxae  are  destitute  of  all  but  a  very  few  minute  pores. 

Eriococcus  quercus  (Comst.) 

Fig.  6. 

1915.    Ericoccus  quercus    (Comst.)  ;   Essig,   "Injurious   and   Beneficial   Insects   of 
California,"  ed.  2,  p.  121,  fig.  103. 

Within  this  area  this  species  has  been  taken  only  from  Quercus  agri- 
folia  at  Palo  Alto.  It  is  a  widely  distributed  species,  occurring  through- 
out the  United  States  on  various  species  of  oaks. 

Essig  (ref.  cited)  has  given  an  excellent  figure  of  the  sac,  and  a  de- 
scription of  this  may  be  omitted,  but  I  append  the  following  notes  on  the 
insect  itself. 

Adult  female  with  the  dorsum  uniformly  beset  with  numerous  rather 
large,  slender,  tapering,  curved,  and  slightly  pointed  spines  (Fig.  6C), 
those  along  the  margins  being  somewhat  larger  than  the  others.  Anal 
lobes  (Fig.  65)  heavily  chitinized,  rather  cylindrical,  their  mesal  margins 


20 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


bearing  a  number  of  small,  tubercle-like  projections,  the  dorsum  with 
three  spines  of  the  same  size  and  shape  as  those  of  the  body,  and  the 
ventral  side  with  a  single  slender  seta.  Anal  lobe  setae  scarcely  longer 


Fig.  6. — Eriococcus  quercus  (Comst.)  :  A,  antenna  of  adult  female;  B,  anal  lobes, 
dorsal  aspect  left,  ventral  aspect  right ;  C,  types  of  spines ;  D,  wax  duct ;'  E, 
tibia  and  tarsus.  From  specimen  from  Quercus  agrifolia,  on  the  Santa  Cruz 
Peninsula. 


than  the  anal  ring  setae.  Antennae  (Fig.  6A)  rather  slender,  7-8-seg- 
mented.  Legs  (Fig.  6£)  quite  slender,  the  tibia  always  much  exceeding 
the  tarsus  in  length,  the  claw  with  a  small  tooth,  the  posterior  coxse  with- 
out pores.  Tubular  ducts  (Fig.  6D)  with  a  broad  and  shallow  cup. 

Notes :  This  is  a  very  distinctive  species,  the  form  of  the  spines,  the  un- 
usual length  of  the  tibia  and  the  tubercles  on  the  anal  lobes  separating  it  at  once 
from  the  other  North  American  representatives  of  the  genus.  I  have  at  hand 
specimens  from  several  localities  and  while  there  is  evidently  a  considerable  varia- 
tion in  the  size  of  the  dorsal  spines,  these  in  some  cases  being  much  smaller  than 
those  of  the  margin  and  in  others  nearly  or  quite  as  large,  the  other  characters 
are  so  constant  that  I  consider  all  to  belong  to  the  same  species.  I  have  not  seen 
the  types  of  E.  howardi  Ehrh.  but  it  is  in  all  probability  the  same. 

The  description  given  above  is  from  specimens  from  Quercus  agrifolia  at 
Palo  Alto. 


DISCUSSION   OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


21 


Eriococcus  stanfordianus  n.  sp. 

Fig.  7. 

Type  taken  from  beneath  a  stone  on  Jasper  Ridge,  near  Stanford 
University,  California,  November,  1917. 

Sac.     Character  not  noted. 

Morphological  characteristics.  Body  (Fig.  7 A}  beset  with  numer- 
ous large  spines  (Fig.  7B),  all  of  which  are  straight,  slightly  expanded  at 
the  base,  tapering  thence  to  the  sharply  pointed  tip.  The  spines  of  the 


Fig.  7. — Eriococcus  stanfordianus  n.  sp. :  A,  dorsal  aspect  of  adult  female ;  B,  types 
of  spines;  C,  antenna  of  adult  female;  D,  wax  duct;  E,  anal  lobes,  dorsal 
aspect  left,  ventral  aspect  right. 

margin  do  not  exceed  in  size  those  of  the  dorsum.  On  the  abdomen  the 
spines  are  arranged  in  a  quite  definite  manner,  there  being  on  each  seg- 
ment a  median  group  of  two  or  three,  one  or  two  spines  midway  between 
this  group  and  each  margin,  and  a  marginal  group  of  five  or  six  on  each 


BIO-AGRICULTURAL  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
RIVERSIDE,  CALIFORNIA  925C 


22 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


side.  On  the  cephalothorax  the  spines  are  more  numerous  and  are  irreg- 
ularly arranged.  Anal  lobes  (Fig.  7E~]  weakly  chitinized,  each  with 
three  slender  setae  on  the  ventral  side  and  three  spines  on  the  dorsal  side 
which  are  of  the  same  shape  as  the  body  spines.  Antennae  (Fig.  7C) 
rather  stout,  6-segmented,  the  third  segment  being  very  long.  Legs 
rather  slender,  the  claw  with  a  very  small  tooth,  the  posterior  coxae 
without  pores.  Ducts  (Fig.  7D)  with  a  rather  broad  and  shallow  cup. 
Anal  ring  with  eight  setae  which  are  about  half  as  long  as  the  anal  lobe 
setae. 

Notes :  I  have  but  a  single  specimen  of  this  species  from  this  locality.  Cer- 
tain specimens  from  Chamaecyce  polycarpa  between  Mecca  and  Blythe,  Riverside 
County,  Calif.,  resemble  it  in  the  arrangement  of  the  spines  and  in  the  character 
of  the  antennae  but  differ  in  having  the  spines  smaller  and  blunter.  I  am  inclined 
to  refer  them  to  this  species. 

t  Eriococcus  villosus  n.  sp. 

Fig.  8. 

Type  host  and  locality.  From  Eriogonum  latifolium,  New  Year's 
Point,  Santa  Clara  County,  California,  September,  1918. 

Sac  slightly  yellowish,  its  surface  with  many  projecting  filaments  of 
wax.  All  the  specimens  observed  were  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves, 
the  color  and  roughness  of  the  sac  causing  them  to  resemble  very  closely 
the  thick  tomentum  of  the  leaf. 


Fig.  8. — Eriococcus  villosus  n.  sp. :  A,  antenna  of  adult  female;  B,  anal  lobes,  dorsal 
aspect  left,  ventral  aspect  right ;  C,  types  of  spines ;  D,  wax  ducts. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  23 

Morphological  characteristics.  Dorsum  quite  uniformly  beset  with 
moderately  large  spines  (Fig.  8C)  of  various  sizes,  which  are  straight, 
somewhat  expanded  at  the  base,  tapering  thence  to  the  sharp  point,  those 
of  the  margins  but  little  or  not  at  all  larger  than  those  of  the  dorsum. 
Anal  lobes  ( Fig.  SB )  weakly  or  not  at  all  chitinized,  each  with  three  slen- 
der setae  on  the  ventral  side  and  three  spines  on  the  dorsal  side,  these 
resembling  the  majority  of  the  body  spines  in  form  and  size.  Antennas 
(Fig.  SA)  moderately  stout,  7-segmented.  Legs  rather  slender,  the  tibia 
and  tarsus  sub-equal,  the  claw  with  a  tooth,  the  posterior  coxae  with  many 
pores  on  one  side.  Ducts  (Fig.  SD}  of  two  sizes,  both  with  the  cup  quite 
deep,  the  smaller  with  it  somewhat  asymmetrical.  Anal  ring  with  eight 
setae,  which  are  about  half  as  long  as  the  anal  lobe  setae. 

Notes :  It  is  possible  that  this  is  E.  dubius  Ckll.,  which  is  a  species  of  very 
similar  character,  but  I  can  not  definitely  connect  the  two  and  prefer  to  give  this 
a  name.  I  have  at  hand  specimens  from  Acacia  paucispina,  Prosopis  velutina  and 
P.  glandulosa  all  taken  in  Arizona,  which  are  possibly  this  species. 

Genus  GOSSYPARIA  Targ. 
Gossyparia  spuria  (Modeer). 

Very  abundant  on  elms  on  the  campus  of  Stanford  University  and 
probably  to  be  found  in  other  parts  of  this  area. 

Genus  KERMES  Boitard. 

This  genus  seems  in  general  to  have  been  somewhat  misunderstood, 
probably  in  large  part  because  the  adults  are  difficult  to  study  morphologi- 
cally and  because  the  immature  stages  have  been  studied  but  little.  The 
genus  has  been  placed  by  some  authors  in  a  distinct  subfamily,  the  Hemi- 
coccince.  It  should  be  pointed  out  that  if  such  a  subfamily  be  recognized 
the  name  should  stand  as  Kermesina,  there  being  no  genus  Hemicoccus. 
Cockerell,  however,  has  assigned  the  genus  to  the  tribe  Eriococcini  of  the 
subfamily  Dactylopiince,  a  position  that  is  without  much  doubt  correct. 
At  least  the  genus  is  a  member  of  the  group  (whatever  value  may  be  as- 
signed to  it)  to  which  Eriococcus  belongs.  The  first  stage  larva,  the 
wax  ducts  and  the  antennae  are  strictly  of  the  Eriococcine  type. 

The  separation  of  the  various  species  of  this  genus  has  usually  been 
attempted  from  a  consideration  of  the  adult  female  without  reference  to 
morphological  characters.  Owing  to  the  extreme  chitinization  of  the 
derm  at  maturity  it  is  practically  impossible  to  obtain  slide  mounts  in 
which  anything  of  value  can  be  seen;  but  if  specimens  be  taken  early  in 
the  last  instar,  before  this  chitinization  has  begun,  the  various  structures 


24 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


can  easily  be  made  out.  The  examination  of  specimens  in  this  stage  will 
doubtless  clear  up  many  questions  as  to  synonymy  and  should  be  regarded 
as  an  essential  part  of  any  studies  upon  the  genus. 

As  far  as  I  can  discover  the  development  of  no  species  of  this  genus 
has  yet  been  carefully  described.  I  am  therefore  discussing  at  some  length 
the  development  of  Kermes  cockerelli. 

Kermes  cockerelli  Ehrh. 

Figs.  9C,  10  and  11. 

Originally  described  from  this  locality.  It  has  been  taken  only  from 
Quercus  lobata. 

Habit  (Fig.  9C).  Entirely  devoid  of  secretionary  covering;  color  a 
uniform  light  brown.  There  is  a  deep,  median  furrow  along  which  there 
is  little  or  no  indication  of  segmentation,  but  at  the  sides  of  the  furrow 
the  intersegmental  constrictions  are  very  deep,  causing  the  sides  to  be 
extremely  gibbous. 


Fig.  9. — A,  Kermes  rattani  Ehrh.;  B,  Kermes  nigropunctatus  Ehrh.;   C,  Kermes 
cockerelli  Ehrh. 


Morphological  characteristics.  Specimens  of  the  adult  female  taken 
before  the  derm  becomes  heavily  chitinized  (Fig.  105).  Antennae  (Fig. 
1(L4)  short  and  stout,  obscurely  6-segmented  with  the  third  segment 
longest.  Legs  likewise  short  and  stout,  but  presenting  all  the  normal 
parts.  Anal  lobes  represented  only  by  a  pair  of  weakly  chitinized  areas, 
each  of  which  bears  several  small  spines.  In  fully  grown  specimens  these 


DISCUSSION   OF  GENERA   AND  SPECIES 


25 


iobes  become  almost  obliterated.  Anal  ring  borne  at  the  inner  end  of  a 
short  invagination,  consisting  of  a  simple,  irregular,  chitinized  ring  which 
bears  no  setae.  Body  with  a  few  stout,  sharply  pointed  spines  (Fig.  WD) 
at  the  margins.  Extending  almost  around  the  ventral  side  of  the  body 
is  a  broad  zone  containing  many  tubular  ducts  which  have  the  inner  ex- 


Fig.  10. — Kermes  cockerelli  Ehrh. ;  A,  antenna  of  adult  female ;  B,  adult  female  be- 
fore the  hardening  of  the  derm ;  C,  pore  from  ventral  cluster ;  D,  dorsal  spine ; 
E,  wax  duct.  From  specimen  from  topotype  material. 


tremity  reflexed  into  a  very  deep  and  narrow  cup  (Fig.  10£).  Behind 
the  posterior  legs  are  numerous  clusters  of  circular,  multilocular  pores 
of  the  type  shown  in  Fig.  IOC. 

In  the  penultimate  stage  (Fig.  115)  the  body  is  oval  in  form  and 
shows  small  anal  lobes.  The  lateral  margins  are  beset  with  numerous 
slender  spines.  The  antennae  (Fig.  11D)  are  6-segmented  as  in  the  adult 
but  much  slenderer.  Anal  ring  with  six  setae.  Tubular  ducts  lacking. 


26 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


First  stage  larva  (Fig.  11/4),  with  the  anal  lobes  well  developed  and 
rather  heavily  chitinized.    Margin  of  the  body  with  a  single  row  of  slender 


Fig.  11. — Kermes  cockerelli  Ehrh. :  A,  first  stage  larva;  B,  second  stage;  C,  antenna 
of  first  stage;  D,  antenna  of  second  stage.  From  specimens  from  topotype 
material. 

spines.  Antennae  (Fig.  11C)  6-segmented,  of  the  same  type  as  in  the 
other  stages.  Dorsum  without  spines  except  for  a  pair  of  very  small 
spines  on  each  abdominal  segment  and  two  or  three  pairs  of  larger  spines 
on  the  cephalothorax. 

Kermes  nigropunctatus  Ehrh. 

Figs.  9B  and  12. 

Within  this  area  this  species  has  been  taken  from  Quercu's  agrifolia 
and  Q.  wislizeni. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


27 


Habit.  Adult  entirely  destitute  of  secretionary  covering.  The  color 
is  extremely  variable,  some  specimens  being  very  dark  and  others  quite 
pale,  this  variation  depending  in  part  upon  actual  variability,  in  part  upon 
the  amount  of  weathering  undergone  before  collection  and  in  part  upon 
the  age  of  the  insect  at  the  time  of  death.  In  all  specimens,  however, 
there  is  a  pair  of  black,  eye-like  spots  at  the  anterior  end  of  the  body, 
a  character  that  seems  effectually  to  mark  the  species. 


Fig.  12. — Kermes  nigropunctatus  Ehrh. :  A,  anal  lobes  and  anal  ring  of  adult  female ; 
B,  wax  duct.  From  specimen  from  Quercus  wislizeni,  on  the  Santa  Cruz 
Peninsula. 


In  form  (Fig.  95)  the  adult  somewhat  resembles  K.  cockerelli,  but 
the  intersegmental  constrictions  are  much  shallower  and  the  insect  is  only 
slightly  gibbous. 

Morphological  characteristics.  In  specimens  in  the  last  instar,  but 
taken  before  the  chitinization  of  the  derm  has  begun,  the  anal  lobes 
(Fig.  \2A)  appear  as  a  pair  of  heavily  chitinized,  wart-like  prominences, 
each  of  which  bears  many  slender  setae.  The  anal  ring  is  borne  at  the 
inner  end  of  a  short  invagination,  is  heavily  chitinized,  somewhat  funnel- 
shaped,  and  bears  no  setae.  The  dorsum  bears  a  few  stout,  sharply  point- 
ed spines.  The  tubular  ducts  are  few  and  small,  of  the  form  shown  in 
Fig.  125  and  are  scattered  over  the  body,  not  being  arranged  in  a  ventral 
zone  as  in  K.  cockerelli.  The  groups  of  circular  pores  found  on  the 
venter  of  the  latter  species  are  lacking  in  K.  nigropunctatus.  Antennae 
and  legs  as  in  cockerelli. 

Immature  stages  not  seen. 

Notes :  I  consider  Kermes  essigi  King  to  be  identical  with  K.  nigropunctatus. 
I  have  at  hand  specimens  from  what  is  possibly  the  type  lot  of  the  former  species 
and  am  unable  to  detect  any  differences  between  the  two.  In  this  opinion  Mr. 
Ehrhorn  concurs.  Furthermore  if  certain  specimens  at  hand  purporting  to  be  K. 
branagani  King  are  correctly  determined  this  species  too  is  a  synonym  of  nigro- 
punctatus- 


28  SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

Kermes  rattani  Ehrh. 
Fig.  9A. 

Originally  described  from  Quercus  chry  sole  pis  in  this  locality. 

I  have  been  able  to  obtain  only  fully  mature  individuals  of  this  species 
and  can  say  nothing  as  to  its  morphology.  In  appearance  the  species 
presents  a  wide  range  of  variation  both  in  form  and  coloring.  The  typi- 
cal form  is  practically  spherical,  but  various  distortions  arise  because  of 
unfavorable  position. 

Judging  from  the  figure  of  Rermes  mirabilis  King  and  from  the  fact 
that  its  type  locality  is  the  same  as  that  of  K.  rattani  this  species  may  quite 
safely  be  regarded  as  identical  with  K.  rattani.  Mr.  Ehrhorn  concurs  in 
this  opinion  also. 

Genus  PSEUDOCOCCUS  Westwood. 

In  an  earlier  paper x  I  have  dealt  at  some  length  with  this  and  related 
genera.  More  material  is  now  available  than  at  thje  time  when  this 
paper  was  published,  and  certain  conclusions  there  expressed  require 
modification.  In  addition  certain  errors,  both  of  observation  and  judg- 
ment, may  be  corrected. 

In  this  earlier  paper  the  genera  Phenacoccus  and  Pseudococcus  were 
in  part  separated  by  ascribing  eighteen  pairs  of  cerarii  to  the  former 
genus  and  seventeen  to  the  latter.  A  re-examination  of  my  material  in- 
dicates a  serious  error  in  observation.  In  Pseudococcus  citri  and  P. 
kraunhiae  there  are  in  fact  eighteen  pairs,  although  P.  longispinus  and 
some  other  species  have  but  seventeen.  This  character,  therefore,  cannot 
be  relied  upon  for  the  separation  of  these  genera.  Neither  may  the  num- 
ber of  antennal  segments  be  considered  as  decisive,  since  there  are  some 
species,  notably  Phenacoccus  solani  Ferris,  in  which  the  antennae  may  be 
either  eight-  or  nine-segmented.  Nor  is  the  single  remaining  character, 
that  of  the  presence  of  a  denticle  on  the  claw  in  Phenacoccus,  entirely 
satisfactory,  as  this  denticle  is  at  times  so  extremely  small  as  practically 
to  be  obsolete. 

I  am  by  no  means  prepared  to  concede  that  these  two  genera  should 
be  united,  for  their  types  are  certainly  sufficiently  different,  and  it  is 
probable  that  a  large  majority  of  species  may  be  placed  satisfactorily. 
Neither  am  I  prepared  to  say  just  where  the  division  between  the  two 
genera  should  come.  This  particular  difficulty  is  but  one  of  a  series 
of  difficulties  that  arise  in  dealing  with  this  group,  as  I  have  elsewhere 
pointed  out.2  The  difficulties  may  not  be  disposed  of  without  the  exami- 
nation of  a  much  larger  series  of  forms  than  have  yet  been  studied. 

1  "The  California  Species  of  Mealy  Bugs."    Stanford  University  Publications, 
University  Series.     1915. 

2  "Contribution  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Coccidae  of   Southwestern  United 
States,"  p.  31.     Stanford  University  Publications,  University  Series.     1919. 


DISCUSSION   OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  29 

Pseudococcus  aurilanatus  (Maskell). 

An  introduced  species,  reported  from  within  this  area  only  on  Arau- 
caria  excelsa  at  Mountain  View. 

Pseudococcus  gahani  Green. 

1919.    Pseudococcus  gahani  Green;  Ferris,  Jn.  EC.  Ent.  12:292. 

This  is  an  introduced  species,  known  from  this  area  only  from  Hills- 
borough  and  San  Francisco.  It  infests  a  wide  range  of  hosts. 

I  have  elsewhere  (ref.  cited)  pointed  out  that  this  is  the  proper 
name  for  the  species  that  has  passed  under  the  name  of  Pseudococcus 
citrophilus  Clausen. 

Pseudococcus  crawii  (Coq.). 

Within  this  area  this  species  has  been  taken  only  from  Quercus  chry- 
solepis  and  Pasania  densiflora. 

Pseudococcus  eriogoni  (Ehrh.). 

Originally  described  from  Eriogonum  sp.  in  this  area.  It  occurs 
commonly  on  this  and  several  other  hosts. 

Pseudococcus  longisetosus  Ferris. 

Described  from  this  area.  It  has  been  taken  from  the  roots  of  Oro- 
banche  tuberosa  and  Castilleia  foliolosa. 

Pseudococcus  maritimus  Ehrh. 

Originally  described  from  Eriogonum  latifolium  at  Santa  Cruz.  It 
occurs  throughout  the  area  on  a  wide  range  of  wild  and  cultivated  hosts. 

Pseudococcus  quercus  Ehrh. 

1919.    Pseudococcus  quercus  Ehrh. ;  Ferris,  Jn.  EC.  Ent.  12 :  298. 

Originally  described  from  this  area  where  it  occurs  quite  commonly 
on  Quercus  chrysolepis  and  Pasania  densiflora. 

I  have  elsewhere  (ref.  cited)  explained  the  reasons  for  the  resurrec- 
tion of  this  name  and  the  dropping  of  Pseudococcus  quercicolus  Ferris. 

Pseudococcus  ryani  (Coq.). 
Occurring  within  this  area  only  on  Sequoia  sempervirens. 

Pseudococcus  salinus  (Ckll.). 

A  native  species,  found  only  on  the  salt  marsh  grass,  Distichlis  spi- 
cata,  in  the  marshes  about  San  Francisco  Bay. 


30  SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

Pseudococcus  sequoiae  (Coleman). 

Originally  described  from  this  area,  where  it  is  common  on  Sequoia 
sempervirens  and  is  at  times  a  pest  on  Cupressus  macrocarpa. 


Pseudococcus  timberlakei  Ckll. 

Originally  described  from  this  area,  where  it  is  found  only  on  the 
salt  marsh  grass,  Distichlis  spicata,  about  San  Francisco  Bay. 


Genus  PHENACOCCUS  Ckll. 
Phenacoccus  colemani  Ehrh. 

Originally  described  from  this  area  on  Rubus  sp.  It  is  a  rather 
common  species,  infesting  various  hosts  among  which  are  Rubus  viti- 
folius,  wild  strawberry,  Symphoricarpos  racemosus,  Castilleia  sp.  and 
Eriophyllum  confertiflorum. 

Phenacoccus  eriogoni  Ferris. 

Originally  described  from  this  area  on  Eriogonum  nudum. 

This  species  is  extremely  close  to  P.  helianthi  (Ckll.).  It  differs 
from  the  latter  only  in  having  a  small,  median  cluster  of  spines  on  the 
dorsum  of  the  last  abdominal  segment  and  in  having  six  to  eight  spines 
in  the  lateral  cerarii,  while  helianthi  has  in  general  but  two. 

Phenacoccus  solani  Ferris. 

Originally  described  from  this  locality  on  the  roots  of  Hemizonia 
rudis.  It  has  also  been  taken  from  the  roots  or  crowns  of  potato,  tomato, 
wild  radish  and  Malva  sp. 

I  have  recently  received  specimens  of  this  species  from  the  crowns 
of  "ragweed,"  Ambrosia  sp.,  at  Gainesville,  Florida.  In  these  specimens 
the  antennae  may  be  either  eight-  or  nine-segmented. 

This  species  so  combines  the  characters  of  Phenacoccus  and  Pseudo- 
coccus  that  it  might  with  equal  propriety  be  referred  to  either  genus.  I 
am  inclined  to  retain  it  in  Phenacoccus. 

Phenacoccus  stachyos  Ehrh. 

Originally  described  from  this  area  on  Stachys  sp.  I  have  taken  it 
from  several  other  hosts,  including  Rhus  diversiloba,  Monardella  sp., 
Diplacus  glutinosus  and  Solanum  sp. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  31 

Genus  PUTO  Sign. 
Puto  cupressi  (Coleman). 

A  native  species,  occurring  in  this  area  on  Sequoia  sempervirens 
and  Torreya  californica. 

Puto  ambigua  (Fullaway). 

A  native  species,  originally  described  from  this  area,  where  it  is 
known  only  from  the  "pickleweed," .  Salicornia  ambigua,  in  the  salt 
marshes  about  San  Francisco  Bay. 

Puto  yuccae  (Coq.) 

A  native  species  which  occurs  quite  commonly  in  this  area  on  Erio- 
phyllum  confertiflorum.  It  has  also  been  taken  from  Garrya  elliptica, 
Diplacus  glutinosus  and  Stachys  sp. 

Genus  ERIUM  Ckll. 
Erium  lichtensioides  Ckll. 

A  native  species,  occurring  sparingly  on  sage  brush,  Artemisia  cali- 
fornica. 

Genus  TRIONYMUS  Berg. 
Trionymus  bromi  Ferris. 

A  presumably  native  species,  originally  described  from  this  area  on 
Bromus  sp.  It  has  also  been  taken  from  Ammophila  arenaria  (an  intro- 
duced grass)  on  the  sand  dunes  at  San  Francisco. 

Trionymus  calif ornicus  Ehrh. 

A  native  species  which  is  rather  common  on  various  species  of 
Elymus. 

Trionymus  distichlii  Ferris. 

A  native  species,  originally  described  from  this  area,  where  it  is 
known  only  from  the  salt  marsh  grass,  Distichlis  spicata,  in  the  salt 
marshes  about  San  Francisco  Bay  and  along  the  coast. 

Trionymus  festucae  (Kuwana). 

A  native  species,  originally  described  from  this  area  on  Festuca  sp. 
In  my  paper  on  the  California  species  of  this  group  I  have  included  with 
this  species  a  Trionymus  that  occurs  on  bamboo  on  the  Stanford  Campus. 
I  am  now  inclined  to  believe  that  the  two  are  not  identical. 


32 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


Trionymus  smithii  (Essig). 

From  undetermined  grass  near  Stanford  University  and  Elytnus  sp. 
near  San  Jose. 

Trionymus  villosa  (Ehrh.). 

I  have  not  myself  taken  this  species  in  this  area,  but  there  are  speci- 
mens in  the  Stanford  collection  from  Quercus  agrifolia  near  Mountain 
View. 

Trionymus  sp. 

An  undetermined  Trionymus  on  bamboo  on  the  Stanford  campus.  I 
have  previously  included  this  with  T.  festucae  but  now  regard  it  as  dis- 
tinct. It  is  doubtless  introduced. 


Genus  ACLERDA  Sign. 

Aclerda  californica  Ehrh. 

Fig.  13. 

Originally  described  from  this  area,  where  it  occurs  quite  commonly 
on  a  particular,  unidentified  species  of  grass  that  grows  in  the  chaparral 


Fig.  13. — Aclerda  californica  (Ehrh.)  :  A,  anal  plate;  B,  wax  duct;  C,  types  of  mar- 
ginal spines ;  D,  pore ;  E,  dorsal  aspect  of  posterior  extremity  of  abdomen  of 
adult  female.  From  specimen  from  topotype  material. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  33 

on  dry  hillsides.  The  insects  are  ordinarily  found  at  the  bases  of  the 
stems.  Parrott  has  recorded  the  species  from  Kansas,  but  has  noted 
certain  differences  between  the  specimens  from  the  two  regions.  It  is 
quite  possible  that  he  was  dealing  with  a  different  form. 

The  general  appearance  of  the  adult  female  has  been  well  described 
by  Ehrhorn  and  Parrott,  but  there  remain  certain  important  details  of 
structure  that  have  been  overlooked. 

In  the  adult  female  the  posterior  end  of  the  body  (Fig.  13£)  is 
heavily  chitinized,  although  this  area  is  not  definitely  delimited  as  hi 
A.  ariditatis  Ferris,  the  margin  is  crenulate  and  both  dorsum  and  venter 
show  numerous  shallow  furrows.  The  margins  of  this  chitinized  portion 
are  beset  with  small,  slender  spines.  Beginning  at  the  anterior  margin  of 
this  area  is  an  irregularly  single  or  double  row  of  short,  stout,  acorn- 
shaped  spines  (Fig.  13C),  that  extends  entirely  around  the  anterior  por- 
tion of  the  body.  These  spines  are  of  various  sizes,  but  all  are  of  the 
same  characteristic  shape,  broad  and  short,  very  slightly  or  not  at  all 
constricted  at  the  base  and  with  the  apex  produced  into  a  sharp  point. 
Just  within  this  series  of  spines  lies  a  zone  of  rather  conspicuous,  multiloc- 
ular  pores  (Fig.  13Z)),  this  zone  disappearing  on  the  head  and  widening 
opposite  the  spiracles.  Within  this  zone  are  a  few  slender  spines,  and 
distributed  irregularly  over  the  body  are  a  few  tubular  ducts  of  the  type 
shown  in  Fig.  13B. 

The  anal  plate  (Fig.  13 A)  is  not  emarginate  at  the  tip.  It  bears  sev- 
eral setae.  The  anal  ring  lies  immediately  beneath  this  plate  (not  anteri- 
orly to  it  as  in  some  species).  The  edges  of  the  ventral  furrow,  which 
is  continuous  with  the  anal  cleft,  are  contiguous  and  heavily  chitinized. 

Aclerda  tokionis  Ckll. 
Fig.  14. 

This  is  an  introduced  species,  probably  a  native  of  Japan,  which  has 
once  been  taken  from  bamboo  on  the  Stanford  campus.  Specimens  from 
this  material  agree  entirely  with  specimens  from  Japan. 

This  species  differs  in  certain  conspicuous  details  from  the  preced- 
ing. The  marginal  spines  (Fig.  145)  are  smaller  and  quite  differently 
shaped,  being  blunt-tipped  and  definitely  constricted  toward  the  base. 
The  marginal  series  of  these  spines  extends  almost  to  the  margins  of  the 
anal  cleft.  The  zone  of  multilocular  pores  seen  in  A.  calif  arnica  is  lack- 
ing, being  replaced  by  a  similarly  situated  zone  of  small,  straight  tubular 
ducts  which  are  mingled  with  a  few  large  ducts  of  the  type  shown  in 
Fig.  135  and  a  few  small  spines.  The  anal  plate  (Fig.  14C)  is  distinctly 


34 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


emarginate  at  the  tip.  The  anal  ring  lies  directly  beneath  the  anal  plate. 
The  ventral  furrow  is  open,  its  margins  diverging  anteriorly  and  not 
heavily  chitinized. 


Fig.  14. — Aclerda  tokionis  (Ckll.)  :  A,  dorsal  aspect  of  posterior  extremity  of  ab- 
domen of  adult  female ;  B,  marginal  spines ;  C,  anal  plate.  From  California 
material. 


Genus  PULVINARIA  Targ. 
Pulvinaria  ehrhorni  King. 

Originally  described  from  this  area,  from  alder  and  willow.  It  is 
apparently  rather  rare,  as  I  have  obtained  but  a  single  specimen  in  five 
years  of  collecting.  Presumably  native. 

The  single  specimen  available  shows  some  indications  of  abnormality 
and  is  hardly  suitable  material  upon  which  to  base  a  re-description.  I 
may  note,  however,  that  while  the  species  in  life  resembles  P.  vitis  it  is 
evidently  distinct,  as  the  marginal  spines  are  filiform.  In  this  respect  it 
somewhat  resembles  P.  rhois,  differing  however,  from  the  latter  in  having 
the  derm  of  the  dorsum  heavily  chitinized  instead  of  membranous.  In 
certain  respects  it  appears  to  resemble  P.  amygdali  Ckll. 

Pulvinaria  rhois  Ehrh. 

Fig.  15. 

Described  from  this  area.  As  far  as  known  it  occurs  only  on  the 
"poison  oak,"  Rhus  diversiloba.  I  have  seen  specimens  taken  from  this 
host  at  Walnut  Creek,  Contra  Costa  County,  California.  The  species  is 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


35 


very  sporadic  in  its  occurrence.  The  poison  oak  is  one  of  our  most 
abundant  shrubs,  yet  I  have  met  with  the  scale  but  twice,  each  time  on 
isolated  bushes  and  here  in  abundance.  It  is  presumably  native. 

In  all  of  the  specimens  examined  the  derm  of  the  fully  mature  female 
is  entirely  membranous.     The  marginal  spines   (Fig.  155)   are  slender 


Fig.  15. — Pulvinaria  rhois  Ehrh. :  A,  antenna;  B,  marginal  spines  in  the  region  of  a 
stigmatic  depression ;  C,  anal  plates,  dorsal  aspect  left,  ventral  aspect  right ; 
D,  tarsus  and  portion  of  tibia.  From  specimen  from  topotype  material. 


and  quite  long  and  are  arranged  in  an  irregularly  single  or  double  series. 
The  stigmatic  spines  are  large  and  conspicuous,  the  median  spine  being 
nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the  others.  Anal  plates  (Fig.  15C)  quite 
large  and  broad,  each  with  three  or  four  apical  setae  on  the  dorsal  side 
and  two  subapical  setse  on  the  ventral  side.  Antennae  (Fig.  15 A)  nor- 
mally 8-segmented.  Legs  rather  stout,  the  claw  (Fig.  15D)  with  very 
broad  digitules. 


36  SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

Pulvinaria  vitis  (Linnaeus). 

I  have  once  taken  this  species  from  maples  on  the  Stanford  campus. 
It  is  probably  more  or  less  distributed  throughout  this  area,  but  is  cer- 
tainly not  abundant. 

Genus  SAISSETIA  Deplanches.3 
Saissetia  oleae  (Bern.). 

Abundant  upon  a  wide  range  of  hosts.  Among  the  wild  plants  that 
it  especially  favors  are  mistletoe  and  Baccharis  pilularis.  It  has  also  been 
taken  from  Grindelia  cuneifolia,  Solatium  sp.  and  Ceanothus  sp. 

Saissetia  nigra  (Nietn.). 
This  has  been  taken  on  Euonymus  sp.  on  the  Stanford  campus. 

Genus  COCCUS  Linn. 
Coccus  hesperidum  Linn. 

A  very  common  species  on  a  wide  range  of  wild  and  cultivated 
hosts. 

Coccus  citricola  Campbell. 
Said  to  occur  at  San  Francisco.    I  have  not  seen  specimens. 

Genus  LECANIUM  Burm. 
Lecanium  corni  (Bouche). 

What  appears  to  be  entirely  typical  L.  corni  is  abundant  here  on 
mulberry,  apricot,  prune,  and  other  cultivated  hosts.  What  is  supposed 
to  be  this  species  has  been  taken  from  a  long  series  of  wild  hosts,  ^n- 
cluding  Alnus  rhombifolia,  Adenostoma  fasciculatum,  Arbutus  menziesii, 
Ceanothus  sp.,  Acer  macrophyllum  and  Heteromeles  arbutifolia.  From 
the  two  last  named  hosts  it  has  been  described  as  new  under  the  names 
of  L.  crawii  Ehrh.  and  L.  adenostoma  Kuwana. 

There  is  a  very  considerable  diversity  in  appearance  among  speci- 
mens from  these  various  hosts,  ranging  from  a  large,  pruinose  form  on 
elm  to  a  very  small  and  shiny  form  on  Arbutus,  but  there  appear  to  be 
no  structural  differences.  Whether  all  these  forms  belong  to  a  single 
species  can  only  be  determined  by  extensive  transference  experiments. 


3  There  is  no  evidence  that  S.  hemisphaerica  occurs  out  of  doors  in  this 
area,  although  I  have  seen  some  of  the  small  and  shiny  forms  of  Lecanium  corni 
identified  as  this  species. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  37 

Lecanium  cerasorum  Ckll. 

1915.    Lecanium    cerasorum    Ckll.;    Essig,    "Injurious    and    Beneficial    Insects    of 
California,"   ed.   2,   p.   145,   fig.    124. 

This  is  an  introducd  species  that  is  now  established  in  the  vicinity 
of  San  Jose,  where  it  occurs  on  fruit  trees. 

Structurally  this  appears  to  be  inseparable  from  L.  excrescens  n.  sp., 
which  is  described  below,  but  the  two  differ  greatly  in  appearance.  As 
maturity  approaches  L.  excrescens  becomes  covered  with  a  thick  coating 
of  loose,  white  secretion,  while  L.  cerasorum  remains  naked  throughout. 
It  is  a  very  conspicuous  object,  the  dorsum  being  marked  with  a  series  of 
regularly  arranged  white  spots  (well  shown  in  the  figure  given  by  Essig), 
from  which  it  has  derived  the  popular  name  "calico  scale." 

There  is  nothing  in  the  original  description  of  this  species  that 
will  permit  its  identification,  and  there  is  a  possibility  that  the  species  here 
recorded  as  cerasorum  is  incorrectly  determined. 

Lecanium  pruinosum  (Coq.). 
What  is  supposed  to  be  this  species  is  rather  common  on  walnut. 

Lecanium  pubescens  Ehrh. 

Under  this  name  there  has  been  described  from  this  region  a  form 
which  occurs  quite  commonly  on  Quercus  agrifolia  and  on  Aesculus  cali- 
fornicus.  It  differs  from  typical  L.  corni  only  in  its  somewhat  larger  size, 
the  presence  of  rather  evident,  transverse  dark  bands  in  life  and  a  slight 
amount  of  loose  secretion  (the  "very  soft  hair"  of  the  original  descrip- 
tion). Structurally  it  does  not  differ  from  L.  corni. 

Lecanium  excrescens  n.  sp. 

Fig.  16. 

Type  host  and  locality.  From  cultivated  English  walnut,  Palo  Alto, 
Calif.  It  occurs  in  this  vicinity  on  almond  and  maple  also. 

Habit.  A  very  large  species,  attaining  a  height  of  8-10  mm.  and  a 
diameter  of  10  mm.  in  the  largest  examples.  In  form  the  fully  developed 
scales  are  very  high  convex  (Fig.  16A),  with  the  margin  nearly  perpen- 
dicular to  the  base,  which  is  nearly  circular  in  outline.  During  the  last 
instar  the  scale  becomes  entirely  covered  with  a  thick  coating  of  rather 
fluffy,  white  secretionary  matter  which  disappears  in  weathered  individ- 
uals, the  latter  being  very  dark  brown  and  slightly  shiny. 

In  the  second  and  early  third  stages  the  dorsum  is  entirely  destitute 
of  secretion  except  for  a  number  of  symmetrically  and  characteristically 


38 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


arranged  lumps  of  pure  white  wax.  (No  examples  of  these  stages  are 
available  for  figuring.)  Beneath  these  lumps  the  derm,  elsewhere  dark 
brown,  is  distinctly  yellow. 


Fig.  16. — Lecanium  excrescens  n.  sp. :  A,  habit;  B,  antenna  of  adult  female;  C,  an- 
tenna of  first  stage;  D,  anal  plates  of  first  stage;  E,  marginal  spines  of  adult 
at  region  of  a  stigmatic  depression ;  F,  marginal  spines  of  first  stage  at  region 
of  stigmatic  depression;  G,  anal  plates  of  adult,  dorsal  aspect  left,  ventral 
aspect  right. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  39 

Morphological  characteristics.  Marginal  spines  (Fig.  16£)  arranged 
in  a  very  definite  single  row,  quite  large  and  sharply  conical,  their  dis- 
tance apart  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  insect.  In  specimens  taken 
before  the  beginning  of  the  period  of  rapid  growth  the  spines  are  sep- 
arated by  intervals  scarcely  greater  than  the  width  of  the  base  of  a  single 
spine.  Stigmatic  spines  scarcely  or  not  at  all  differentiated,  the  stigmatic 
clefts  practically  obsolete.  Anal  plates  (Fig.  \6G}  very  large,  rather  long 
and  narrow,  with  a  varying  number  of  setse  near  the  apex,  with  as 
many  as  five  subapical  setae  on  the  ventral  side  and  with  as  many  as  ten 
fringe  setae.  Antennae  (Fig.  165)  rather  short,  normally  7-segmented, 
the  third  segment  conspicuously  longer  than  any  of  the  others.  Legs 
small,  not  stout,  the  claw  with  two  slender  digitules.  Pores  of  the  dorstim 
abundant,  small,  not  arranged  in  any  definite  manner. 

Second  stage  not  available  for  description. 

First  stage  with  three  small  stigmatic  spines  (Fig.  16F)  in  each 
stigmatic  depression  and  with  marginal  spines  represented  by  a  few  slen- 
der setse.  Anal  plates  (Fig.  16£>)  of  the  form  usual  in  the  genus,  but 
with  their  dorsum  presenting  a  tessellated  appearance.  Antennas  (Fig. 
16C)  6-segmented. 

Notes:  The  holotype  is  a  mount  of  a  specimen  in  the  last  instar  but  not 
fully  grown  and  with  the  derm  still  membranous. 

This  species  is  one  of  a  group  to  which  belong  L.  caryae  (Fitch)  of  the 
eastern  states  and  another  species  (certainly  introduced)  which  occurs  in  Cali- 
fornia and  passes  as  L.  cerasorum  Ckll.  From  the  former  it  differs  in  its  much 
more  convex  form  and  in  having  more  hairs  on  the  anal  lobes.  From  the  latter 
it  does  not  differ  at  all  structurally,  but  this  species  remains  destitute  of  secretion 
at  maturity  and  in  life  is  so  conspicuously  marked  with  large  white  spots  that  it 
has  been  called  the  "calico  scale."  Judging  from  the  description  of  that  species,  L. 
glandi  Kuwana  is  very  similar  in  appearance  but  differs  in  having  the  marginal 
spines  slender. 


Genus  PHYSOKERMES  Targ. 

The  existing  descriptions  of  this  genus  make  no  mention  of  its  most 
important  character  and  in  certain  respects  require  modification.  I  pre- 
sent the  following  diagnosis. 

Coccidae  referable  to  the  subfamily  Coccinae,  characterized,  as  are  the 
other  members  of  this  subfamily,  by  the  presence  of  a  pair  of  triangular, 
supra-anal  plates  in  the  first  and  second  instars,  but  differing  from  all 
other  members  of  this  group  by  the  absence  of  these  plates  in  the  last 
instar,  the  plates  being  replaced  at  the  second  molt  by  a  single  median 
lobe.  Marginal  spines  lacking  in  the  adult,  the  stigmatic  depressions  not 
indicated.  Antennae  and  legs  either  present  or  absent  in  the  adult  female. 


40 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


Body  form  globular,  the  venter  being  deeply  intussuscepted  and  forming  a 
marsupium  for  the  retention  of  the  eggs.  Infesting,  as  far  as  known, 
only  coniferous  hosts. 

Notes:  The  loss  of  the  anal  plates  at  the  final  ecdysis  appears  to  have  been 
overlooked  by  earlier  writers,  only  a  single  author4  having  noted  the  fact  and  this 
without  comment.  The  absence  of  these  plates  has  been  established  only  in  P. 
piceae  (the  type  of  the  genus)  and  P.  insignicola,  but  it  may  safely  be  assumed 
that  the  remaining  species  of  the  genus  are  similar. 

Physokermes  insignicola  (Craw). 

Fig.  17. 

Originally  described  from  this  area  where  it  is  something  of  a  pest 
on  the  Monterey  Pine  (Pinus  radiata). 

This  species  has  been  the  subject  of  an  extensive  paper  by  Moulton  in 
which,  unfortunately,  its  morphology  has  been  but  inadequately  dealt 
with.  I  append  the  following  notes. 


*_OI 


Fig.  17. — Physokermes  insignicola  (Craw)  :  A,  antenna  of  adult  female;  B,  leg  of 
adult  female ;  C,  anal  plates  of  second  stage ;  D,  anal  region  of  adult ;  E,  dor- 
sal pore;  F,  marginal  spines  from  region  of  stigmatic  depression  of  second 
stage  female. 

Adult  female,  taken  before  the  chitinization  of  the  derm  has  set  in. 
Legs  and  antennae  present,  the  former  (Fig.  175)  very  short  and  stout, 

*  Fenton,  F.  A.,  Can.  Ent.,  49:320.     (1917) 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  41 

more  or  less  misshapen  and  with  the  tarsus  much  reduced,  the  latter  (Fig. 
17  A)  well  formed  and  large,  6-segmented,  with  the  third  segment  very 
long.  Stigmatic  depressions  not  indicated,  the  stigmatic  spines  lacking. 
Marginal  spines  lacking  except  along  the  margins  of  the  anal  cleft  (Fig. 
17 D],  where  there  are  numerous  slender  setae.  Anal  ring  practically 
simple,  bearing  six  short  setae.  Dorsum  beset  with  small,  circular  pores 
with  a  chitinized  rim  (Fig.  17E),  which  are  especially  numerous  over  the 
posterior  half.  In  fully  mature  individuals  the  derm  becomes  extremely 
heavily  chitinized,  and  it  is  practically  impossible  to  obtain  preparations  in 
which  these  various  structures  can  be  seen. 

Second  stage  with  the  antennae  practically  as  in  the  adult  but  slightly 
more  slender.  Legs  well  formed,  large  and  slender.  Marginal  spines 
(Fig.  17F)  quite  large,  slender,  conical,  set  in  a  sharply  defined  single 
row,  the  spines  being  separated  from  each  other  by  a  distance  of  scarcely 
more  than  the  width  of  their  bases.  Stigmatic  depressions  scarcely  no- 
ticeable, the  stigmatic  spines  but  little  or  not  at  all  larger  than  the  other 
marginal  spines.  Anal  plates  (Fig.  17 C]  rather  slender,  each  with  three 
apical  spines  and  a  single  spine  on  the  mesal  margin  and  a  single  sub- 
apical  spine  on  the  ventral  side.  There  are  four  very  small  fringe  setae. 

First  stage  not  seen. 

Physokermes  taxifoliae  Coleman. 

Originally  described  from  this  area,  where  it  occurs  rather  sparingly 
on  the  Douglas  spruce,  Pseudotsuga  taxlfolia.  I  have  been  unable  to  ob- 
tain suitable  specimens  for  microscopic  examination. 

Genus  TOUMEYELLA  Ckll. 

Toumeyella  pinicola  n.  sp. 
Fig.  18. 

Type  host  and  locality.  From  Pinus  radiata  on  the  grounds  of  the 
Spring  Valley  Water  Company  at  Aqua,  San  Mateo  County,  Calif. 

Habit.  Occurring  on  the  small  twigs  at  the  bases  of  the  needles. 
Entirely  destitute  of  secretion ;  dried  specimens  much  wrinkled,  more  or 
less  irregular  in  form  because  of  crowding,  somewhat  straw  colored  ex- 
cept for  a  small  brown  area  about  the  anal  plates.  Length  about  3  mm. 

Morphological  characteristics.  Derm  entirely  membranous  except 
for  a  heavily  chitinized,  circular  area  about  the  anal  plates.  Marginal 
spines  very  few,  small  and  slender.  Stigmatic  spines  (Fig.  18E)  short 
and  stout,  somewhat  spindle  shaped,  the  middle  spine  not  longer  than  the 
others.  Stigmatic  depressions  shallow,  marked  by  a  broad  zone  of  cir- 
cular pores. which  extends  in  to  the  corresponding  spiracle.  Anal  plates 
(Fig.  185)  large,  the  cephalic  margin  distinctly  longer  than  the  caudal 


42 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


margin.  Each  plate  with  several  apical  and  subapical  setae  on  the  dorsal 
side  and  two  or  three  subapical  setae  on  the  ventral  side.  There  is  a 
single  very  long  fringe  seta  at  each  side  and  there  are  numerous  hypopy- 


Fig.  18. — Toumeyella  pinicola  n.  sp. :  A,  dorsal  pore ;  B,  anal  plates,  dorsal  aspect 
left,  ventral  aspect  right;  C,  leg  of  adult;  D,  antenna  of  adult;  E,  stigmatic 
spines  of  adult. 


gial  setae.  Anterior  to  the  anal  plates  are  numbers  of  the  conspicuous 
pores  (Fig.  ISA),  which  are  rather  characteristic  of  the  genus,  the  ma- 
jority of  these  pores  lying  within  the  chitinized  area.  Legs  (Fig.  18C) 
and  antennae  (Fig.  18D)  small  and  stout,  the  latter  obscurely  6-segmented. 
Immature  stages  not  observed. 

Notes :  I  have  at  hand  specimens  of  a  Toumeyella  from  pine  in  Florida  which 
probably  represent  T.  parvicorne  (Ckll.)  and  which  differ  from  the  new  species 
in  having  the  cephalic  and  caudal  margins  of  the  anal  plates  equal  and  the  median 
stigmatic  spine  longer  than  the  others.  As  T.  pini  King  is  probably  a  synonym  of 
T.  parvicorne  the  new  species  may  not  be  referred  to  pini. 

It  is  almost  certain  that  this  is  an  introduced  species  as  it  has  never  been 
found  upon  the  Monterey  Pine  in  its  native  habitat. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


Genus  CHIONASPIS  Sign. 


43 


This  genus  has  been  greatly  restricted  by  Cooley,  and  in  all  proba- 
bility justly  so,  but  no  provision  has  been  made  for  the  species  that  have 
been  excluded  from  it.  Therefore,  while  accepting  this  restriction  I  am 
still  retaining  in  the  genus  such  forms  as  C.  spartirue  Comst.  and  C.  quer- 
cus  Comst.,  not  caring  at  present  to  undertake  the  responsibility  of  denn- 
ing new  genera  for  them,  however  different  they  may  be  from  the  type  of 
Chionaspis. 

Chionaspis  quercus  Comst. 

Fig.  19. 

Common  on  the  various  species  of  Quercus  and  also  on  the  tan  oak, 
Pasania  densiflora. 

Of  this  species  there  are  none  but  the  rather  crude  figures  accom- 
panying the  original  description  and  a  later  note  by  Essig.  I  present  a 


Fig.  19.— Chionaspis  quercus  Comst.:  pygidium  of  specimen  from  Quercus  agrifolia. 

new  figure.  The  original  description  is  quite  accurate,  but  I  may  note 
that  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen  is  almost  destitute  of  ducts  and  that  there 
are  a  few  ducts  and  gland  spines  at  the  margins  of  each  abdominal 
segment. 

Chionaspis  pinifoliae  (Fitch). 

Abundant  upon  the  numerous  species  of  pines  grown  here  as  orna- 
mentals. Also  on  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia  and  Torreya  calif ornica.  It  is 
probably  to  be  regarded  as  native. 


44 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


Chionaspis  spartinae  Comst. 

Fig.  20. 

Found,  in  this  area,  only  on  a  salt  marsh  grass,  Spartina  stricta,  about 
San  Francisco  Bay. 


Fig.  20. — Chionaspis  spartirug  Comst. :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  California  ma- 
terial. 

I  present  a  new  figure  of  the  pygidium.  The  dorsum  of  the  abdomen 
is  practically  destitute  of  ducts,  but  there  are  numerous  small  ducts  at 
the  lateral  margins  and  there  is  a  more  or  less  well-defined  row  of  large 
ducts  anterior  to  those  shown  in  the  figure.  There  are  no  gland  spines 
anterior  to  the  pygidium. 

Genus  DIASPIS  Costa. 

With  this  genus  I  am  uniting  Epidiaspis  Ckll.  In  characterizing 
Epidiaspis  originally  as  a  subgenus  of  Diaspis,  Cockerell  has  stated  that 
D.  piricola  (the  type  of  the  former  genus)  "has  the  club-shaped  glands 
at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  as  in  Diaspidiotus,  and  I  think  that  it  is  related 
thereto  rather  than  to  Diaspis."  As  a  matter  of  fact,  these  "club-shaped 
glands,"  which  are  not  glands  at  all,  but  merely  chitinous  thickenings,  are 
morphologically  very  different  from  the  thickenings  seen  in  Aspidiotus. 
In  the  latter  genus  these  thickenings  bound  the  margins  of  the  poriferous 
furrows,  while  in  D.  piricola  they  are  the  much  enlarged  thickenings  that 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


45 


are  always  present  in  some  degree  of  development  about  the  bases  of  the 
marginal  spines.  In  all  other  respects  D.  piricola  is  a  perfectly  typical 
species  of  Diaspis.  As  far  as  the  unusual  development  of  these  thick- 
enings is  concerned  the  species  is  connected  with  typical  Diaspis  by  such 
a  form  as  D.  montana  Ckll.,  in  which  there  is  an  obvious  tendency  in  the 
same  direction. 

Certain  other  species  that  have  been  ascribed  to  Epidiaspis  should 
probably  likewise  be  referred  to  Diaspis. 

Diaspis  carueli  Targ. 

Very  abundant  on  Libocedrus  decurrens,  Thuya  sp.  and  various 
species  of  Cupressus  on  the  Stanford  campus  and  doubtless  elsewhere. 
An  introduced  species. 

Diaspis  echinocacti  (Bouche). 

On  various  species  of  cacti  on  the  Stanford  University  campus.  An 
introduced  species. 

Diaspis  manzanitae  (Whitney). 

Fig.  21. 

I  have  found  this  species  in  but  a  single  restricted  locality,  near 
Summit  Rock,  above  Saratoga,  at  an  altitude  of  approximately  3000  feet, 
where  it  occurs  on  the  leaves  of  some  species  of  Arctostaphylos. 


Fig.  21.— Diaspis  manzanitce  (Whitney)  :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  Santa  Cruz 

Peninsula. 


46 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


This  was  originally  described  as  an  Aulacaspis,  but  by  reason  of  the 
scattered  dorsal  pores  of  the  pygidium  it  is  distinctly  a  Diaspis.  The 
accompanying  figure  will  supplement  the  original  description. 

Diaspis  piricola  (Del  Guer.). 

Fig.  22. 

Common  on  pear  and  prune.  The  only  native  host  that  it  is  known 
to  attack  is  the  Christmas  berry,  Heteromeles  arbutifolia,  upon  which  it 
becomes  extremely  abundant. 


Fig.  22. — Diaspis  piricola  (Del  Guer.)  :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  prune  on  the 
Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 

I  have  pointed  out  in  the  discussion  of  the  genus  Diaspis  the  grounds 
for  rejecting  Epidiaspis  and  restoring  this  species  to  the  former  genus. 
The  only  figures  of  D.  pvricola  that  I  have  seen  are  inadequate  or  even 
quite  misleading,  and  I  present  a  new  figure  of  the  pygidium. 

Genus  AULACASPIS  Ckll. 

Aulacaspis  rosae  (Bouche). 

Rather  common  on  roses,  cultivated  blackberries  and  raspberries. 

Genus  DINASPIS  Leonardi. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  see  the  original  description  of  this  genus 
and  am  referring  one  species,  Leucaspis  kelloggi  Coleman,  to  it  upon  the 
suggestion  of  Mr.  E.  E.  Green. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


47 


Dinaspis  kelloggi  (Coleman). 

Fig.  23. 

A  native  species,  originally  described  from  this  area,  where  it  occurs 
rather  commonly  on  the  Douglas  Spruce,  Pseudotsuga  taxtfolia  and  oc- 
casionally on  pine. 


Fig.  23. — Dinaspis  kelloggi  (Coleman)  :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  Pseudotsuga 
taxtfolia  on  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 

The  original  description  of  the  species  is  quite  accurate,  but  the  figure 
of  the  pygidium  leaves  much  to  be  desired  and  I  present  a  new  figure. 
The  species  is  certainly  not  a  Leucaspis. 

Genus  LEPIDOSAPHES  Shimer.5 

Lepidosaphes  newsteadi  (Sulc). 
Recorded  by  Coleman  from  Sciadopitys,  near  Stanford  University. 

Lepidosaphes  ulmi  (Linn.). 

A  common  species  on  willow  and  apple.  I  have  also  taken  it  from 
passion  flower  and  from  a  native  host,  Xylothermia  (or  Picfteringia) 
montana. 


5  It  is  probable  that  L.  ceanothi  Ferris  occurs  in  this  area,  as  scales  almost 
certainly  of  this  species  have  been  seen  upon  Ceanothus.  However,  no  specimens 
are  available  and  the  record  can  not  be  definitely  established. 


48 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

Genus  ASPIDIOTUS  Bouche. 


Aspidiotus  aesculi  Johns. 

Fig.  24. 

Originally  described  from  this  locality,  where  it  is  frequently  abun- 
dant on  Aesculus  californicus.  It  is  usually  associated  with  a  pitting  and 
roughening  of  the  bark,  for  which  it  is  perhaps  responsible. 


Fig.  24. — Aspidiotus  cesculi  Johns. :  pygidium  of  topotype  specimen. 


I  have  at  hand  specimens  from  box  elder  (Acer  negundo)  and  poplar 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  and  from  poplar  near  Lone  Pine,  Inyo  County, 
Calif.,  which  I  refer  to  this  species.  As  all  these  specimens  agree  also 
with  the  description  and  figure  of  A.  popularum  Marlatt,  which  was  de- 
scribed from  poplar  in  New  Mexico,  I  place  the  latter  species  as  a 
synonym  of  cesculi. 

Aspidiotus  arctostaphyli  Ckll.  and  Rob. 

Fig.  25. 

What  appears  to  be  this  species  has  been  taken  from  Arctostaphylos 
sp.  near  Los  Gatos.  The  specimens  are  immature,  and  the  determination 
is  not  entirely  certain,  but  the  record  may  be  accepted  without  much 
doubt. 

The  accompanying  figure  of  this  species  is  from  a  specimen  from 
Arctostaphylos  sp.,  near  Redding,  Calif.  Attention  should  be  called  to 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


49 


the  presence  of  numerous  ducts  near  the  margins  of  the  last  abdominal 
segment  anterior  to  the  pygidium.  The  presence  of  these  ducts  will  serve 
to  separate  this  from  the  very  similar  A.  densiflorce  Bremner. 


Fig.  25. — Aspidiotus  arctostaphyli  Ckll.  and  Rob. :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  near 
Redding,  Calif. 

Aspidiotus  coniferarum  Ckll. 

Fig.  26. 

Abundant  on  the  bark  of  Libocedrus  decurrens,  on  the  campus  of 
Stanford  University.    It  is  probably  introduced.     It  has  previously  been 


Fig.  26. — Aspidiotus   coniferarum   Ckll. :    pygidium   of    specimen    from  Libocedrus 
decurrens  on  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 


50 


SCALE    INSECTS  OF   SANTA   CRUZ    PENINSULA 


recorded  only  from  pine  in  New  Mexico,  but  I  have  specimens  from 
Cupressus  guadelupensis  at  Riverside  and  Libocedrus  decurrens,  Mt. 
Shasta  and  near  Yosemite  Valley,  Calif. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Professor  Cockerell  I  have  been  enabled  to 
examine  a  specimen  from  the  type  material  of  this  species.  The  only 
difference  observable  between  this  specimen  and  those  from  Libocedrus 
and  Cupressus  is  that  the  median  lobes  of  the  New  Mexico  specimen  are 
a  trifle  broader. 

The  following  notes  may  be  added  to  the  original  description. 

Derm  entirely  membranous,  except  for  the  pygidium.  Tubular  ducts 
confined  to  the  pygidium,  these  small,  slender,  varying  somewhat  in  num- 
ber but  always  few,  their  arrangement  as  indicated  in  the  accompanying 
figure. 

Aspidiotus  densiflorae  Bremner. 

Fig.  27. 

Occurring  quite  commonly  on  the  leaves  of  the  tan  oak  (Pasania 
densiflora)  and  occasionally  on  the  leaves  of  Quercus  chrysolepis. 


Fig.  27. — Aspidiotus  densiflorce  Bremner :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  Pasania  den- 
siflora on  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 

I  present  a  new  figure  of  the  pygidium.  This  species  very  closely 
resembles  A.  arctostaphyli  but  may  be  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  a 
cluster  of  d,ucts  at  each  lateral  margin  on  the  first  abdominal  segment 
anterior  to  the  pygidium. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES  51 

Aspidiotus  ehrhorni  Coleman. 

Fig.  28. 

Within  this  area  this  species  has  been  taken  only  from  the  bark  of 
Pseudotsuga  taxifolia. 

The  original  description  is  in  error  in  the  statement  that  there  are 
three  pairs  of  "incisions"  on  the  pygidium.    There  are  but  the  usual  two 


Fig.  2S.^Aspidiotus  ehrhorni  Coleman:  pygidium  of  specimen  from  Pseudotsuga 
taxifolia  on  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 

pairs.  I  may  note  further  that  the  derm  is  membranous,  except  for  the 
pygidium,  and  that  the  tubular  ducts  are  confined  to  the  pygidium,  except 
for  one  or  two  at  the  lateral  margins  on  some  of  the  abdominal  segments. 
The  figure  accompanying  the  original  description  is  quite  inadequate  and 
I  present  a  new  figure. 

Aspidiotus  hederae  (Vail.). 

Sharing  with  A.  rap  ax  the  distinction  of  being  one  of  the  two 
most  common  scales  in  this  area.  It  occurs  on  an  extremely  wide  range 
of  wild  and  cultivated  hosts,  among  the  former  being  Arbutus  menziesii, 
Alnus  rhombifolia,  several  species  of  Arctostaphylos,  Umbellularia  cali- 
fornica,  Ceanothus  sp.  and  Sequoia  sempervirens. 

Aspidiotus  osborni  Ckll. 

Fig.  29. 

Quite  common  on  the  bark  of  Quercus  agrifolia,  but  rarely  seen  be- 
cause of  the  close  resemblance  of  the  scales  to  the  bark  of  the  host. 

Aspidiotus  yulupce  Bremner  is  a  synonym  of  this.  I  may  note  that 
the  derm  of  the  abdomen  is  membranous,  except  for  the  pygidium,  and 


52 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


the  dorsal  ducts  are  confined  to  the  pygidium  except  for  a  very  few  along 
the  lateral  margins  of  the  abdominal  segments. 


Fig.  29. — Aspidiotus  osborni  Ckll. :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  Quercus  agrifolia  on 
the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 


This  species  is  very  close  to  A.  ehrhorni,  differing  chiefly  in  having 
the  lateral  margin  of  the  median  lobes  more  rounded  and  in  not  having  a 
series  of  ducts  in  the  extreme  lateral  angles  of  the  pygidium. 

Aspidiotus  perniciosus  Comst. 

Although  this  species  was  first  described  from  this  area  it  is  not  now 
a  serious  pest.  It  is  quite  frequently  met  with  in  old  orchards,  but  has 
not  been  found  on  any  native  host. 

Aspidiotus  pini  Comst. 

Figs.  30  and  31. 

1881.    Aspidiotus  ?  pini  Comstock,  Kept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  1880,  p.  306. 
1894.    Aspidiotus  abietis  (Schr.)  ;  Ckll.,  Can.  Ent.,  26: 190.     (Part.) 
1903.    Aspidiotus  abietis  (Schr.)  ;  Fernald,  Cat.  Coccidae,  p.  251.     (Part.) 
1903.    Aspidiotus  calif ornicus  Coleman,  Jn.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.,  11 : 64. 
1903.    Aspidiotus  able tes  Comst;  Coleman,  Ibid.,  p.  74.     (Misidentification.) 

Abundant  on  various  species  of  pines  and  on  Pseudotsuga  taxi  folia. 
Probably  native. 

To  the  original  description  of  Comstock  I  have  only  to  add  the 
following  notes. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


53 


Fully  mature  female  (Fig.  30)  more  or  less  circular  in  form,  with  the 
derm  very  heavily  chitinized  except  for  the  pygidium  and  one  or  two  ab- 
dominal segments  anterior  to  the  pygidium.  The  pygidium  is  retracted 
into  the  ventral  side  of  the  abdomen.  Specimens  taken  at  this  stage  are 
difficult  to  study  morphologically  owing  to  the  heavy  chitinization  of  the 
derm. 


Fig.  30. — Aspidiotus  pint  Comst. :  ventral  aspect  of  adult  female  from  specimen  from 
pine,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


Fig.  31. — Aspidiotus  pini  Comst.:  pygidium  of  specimen  from  pine,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


54 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 


In  the  early  adult  female  the  derm  is  membranous  throughout,  except 
for  the  pygidium.  At  this  stage  there  may  be  seen  a  cluster  of  numerous 
ducts  at  the  lateral  margin  of  each  of  the  abdominal  segments  anterior 
to  the  pygidium.  The  dorsal  ducts  are  very  numerous  and  are  arranged 
as  shown  in  Fig.  31. 

Notes:  I  am  here  restoring,  at  least  temporarily,  the  name  Aspidiotus  pini 
Comstock.  This  has  been  placed  by  Cockerell  as  a  synonym  of  A.  abietis  (Schr.) 
but  material  in  my  hands,  representing  both  species,  indicates  that  they  are  possibly 
distinct.  Aspidiotus  calif ornicus  Coleman  is  certainly  a  synonym  of  A.  pini.  I 
shall  discuss  these  species  at  length  in  another  paper  dealing  with  the  conifer- 
infesting  spfcies  of  this  group  occurring  in  North  America. 

Aspidiotus  rapax  Comst. 

Like  A.  hederce,  and  frequently  in  company  with  it,  this  species  oc- 
curs on  a  wide  range  of  hosts.  At  times  it  is  so  abundant  on  the  native 
shrubs  of  the  genus  Ceanothus  as  to  be  destructive. 

Aspidiotus  shastae  Coleman. 

Fig.  32. 

On  Sequoia  sempervirens,  at  times  in  great  abundance,  always  on  the 
leaves. 


Fig.  32. — Aspidiotus  shastae  Coleman :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  Sequoia  semper- 
virens on  the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 


DISCUSSION    OF   GENERA   AND   SPECIES 


55 


This  is  the  species  described  by  Coleman  as  A.  coniferarum  var. 
shastce  and  more  recently  by  Marlatt  as  Aonidia  juniperi.  It  is  certainly 
congeneric  with  and  perhaps  the  same  as  Aspidiotus  (=  Cryptaspidiotus) 
mediterraneus  Lindinger,  which  occurs  on  Juniperus  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean region  and  of  which  I  have  specimens.  The  genus  Cryptaspidiotus 
must  eventually  be  recognized,  but  it  has  not  been  adequately  character- 
ized, and  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  this  group  to  limit  it  is 
difficult.  I  therefore  retain  the  species  for  the  present  in  Aspidiotus. 

Genus  CHRYSOMPHALUS  Ashmead. 

Chrysomphalus  rossi  (Maskell). 

Fig.  33. 

On  Araucaria  bidwilli,  on  the  campus  of  Stanford  University.  An 
introduced  species.  Specimens  from  this  locality  agree  entirely  with 
material  from  Australia  determined  by  Froggatt  as  this  species. 


Fig.  33.— Chrysomphalus  rossi  (Maskell)  :  pygidium  of  specimen  from  Araucaria  on 
the  Santa  Cruz  Peninsula. 

The  figure  of  the  pygidium  given  by  Green  in  the  Coccidae  of  Ceylon 
is  hardly  as  detailed  as  is  desirable,  and  I  present  a  new  figure.  The 
mixture  of  large  and  small  ducts  on  the  dorsum  is  a  characteristic  feature 
of  the  species. 


56 


SCALE  INSECTS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ  PENINSULA 

Genus  TARGIONIA  Sign. 


The  type  of  this  genus  is  a  somewhat  Chrysomphaloid  form  with 
which  probably  few  of  the  North  American  species  now  referred  to  this 
genus  are  strictly  congeneric.  I  consider  that  the  one  species  coming 
within  the  scope  of  this  paper,  T.  dearnessi  Ckll.  and  Par.,  should  prob- 
ably be  referred  elsewhere  and  that  a  new  genus  will  eventually  be 
necessary  for  this  and  certain  other  closely  allied  species.  I  would  espe- 
cially call  attention  to  the  nature  of  the  ducts  in  all  these  species. 

Targionia  (?)  dearnessi  Ckll. 

Fig.  34. 

From  Grindelia  cuneifolia.'m  the  salt  marshes  about  San  Francisco 
Bay  and  from  Eriophyllum  confertiflorum  in  Stevens  Creek  Canyon.  This 
species  is  also  abundant  on  Corethrogyne  sp.  at  Cypress  Point  near  Pacific 
Grove. 


Fig.  34. — Targionia  (?)  dearnessi  Ckll.:  A,  pygidium;  B,  duct.    From  specimen  from 
type  material. 


The  accompanying  figure  will  supplement  the  original  description, 
and  I  may  note  that  there  are  numerous  ducts  along  the  lateral  margins 
of  the  abdomen.  All  the  ducts  are  very  small  and  short  and  appear  to 
be  of  the  type  indicated  in  Fig.  345.  The  determination  of  the  species  is 
based  upon  the  examination  of  specimens  from  the  type  material. 


DISCUSSION    OF    GENERA   AND   SPECIES 

Genus  ODONASPIS  Sign. 


57 


Odonaspis  graminis  Bremner. 

Fig.  35. 

Originally  described  from  roots  of  grass  on  the  Presidio  Hills  at  San 
Francisco.  I  have  taken  the  species  from  a  perennial  grass  near  Sears- 
ville  Lake,  San  Mateo  County. 

I  present  a  figure  of  the  pygidium. 


Fig.    35. — Odonaspis  graminis  Bremner:  pygidium  from  specimen  from  near  Stan- 
ford University. 


University  of  California 

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305  De  Neve  Drive  -  Parking  Lot  17  •  Box  951388 

LOS  ANGELES,  CALIFORNIA  90095-1388 
Return  this  material  to  the  library  from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


1920 


Ferris,  Gordon  Floyd 

Scale  insects  of  the  Santa 
Cruz  Peninsula. 


i»%ittiiip^ 

ooo  Iff 


1920 


Ferris,  Gordon  Floyd 

Scale  insects  of  the  Santa 
Cruz  Peninsula. 


BIO-AGRICULTURAL  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
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